Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica: uma revisão pelo olhar da ressonância magnética / Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: a review using magnetic resonance imaging

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica é a cardiopatia genética mais frequente na população geral e é caracterizada por uma hipertrofia ventricular esquerda assimétrica. Entretanto, as alterações fenotípicas desta cardiomiopatia vão muito além da hipertrofia ventricular, e incluem alterações do aparato valvar mitral, dos músculos papilares e do ventrículo direito. Devido à dificuldade no diagnóstico diferencial entre as múltiplas causas de hipertrofia, a ressonância magnética cardíaca vem cumprindo um papel fundamental na avaliação diagnóstica e prognóstica desta cardiomiopatia. A cineressonância magnética na definição da localização e extensão da hipertrofia, o realce tardio, na detecção das áreas de fibrose miocárdica e técnicas mais recentes como o Mapa de T1 que avalia a fibrose intersticial e o volume extracelular; e finalmente o Tissue Tracking na análise da deformação miocárdica.(AU)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the most common genetic cardiopathy in the general population, is characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy. However, the phenotypic changes in this cardiomyopathy extend beyond ventricular hypertrophy and include changes in the mitral valve apparatus, papillary muscles, and right ventricle. Due to the difficult differential diagnosis among multiple causes of hypertrophy, cardiac magnetic resonance has played a fundamental role in its diagnostic and prognostic evaluation; magnetic cine-resonance in defining the location and extent of hypertrophy; late enhancement, in the detection of areas of myocardial fibrosis; more recent techniques such as T1 mapping that assesses interstitial fibrosis and extracellular volume; and finally tissue tracking in the analysis of myocardial deformation. (AU)

Importância dos métodos de imagem no diagnóstico diferencial de cardiopatia hipertensiva e cardiomiopatia hipertrófica: relato de caso / The importance of imaging methods in the differential diagnosis of hypertensive cardiopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report

Caso clínico de homem de 31 anos, branco, casado, cozinheiro, natural do Nepal, procedente de São Paulo há 4 anos, em acompanhamento ambulatorial após encaminhamento do pronto-socorro (PS) por angina atípica e pressão alta sic. Pela análise do prontuário verificou-se que o paciente permaneceu no PS por 48 horas e ao exame físico a ausculta cardíaca era normal e a pressão arterial (PA) 140X85 mm Hg. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrava critérios eletrocardiográficos para hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) e alterações da repolarização ventricular e os marcadores de necrose miocárdica apresentavam aumentos discretos. Na consulta ambulatorial o paciente não referia queixas, a PA estava normal e foram realizados: monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas, ecocardiograma (ECO) e angiotomografia de coronárias. A MAPA mostrou níveis pressóricos normais (vigília e sono respectivamente 112x65 e 106x51 mmHg), o ECO não detectou HVE e a angiotomografia de coronárias não identificou obstruções coronarianas e o escore de cálcio era zero. A ressonância magnética de coração (RMC) mostrou aumento da espessura miocárdica de ventrículo direito (VD), hipertrofia miocárdica assimétrica de predomínio septal acometendo paredes anterior e lateral do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) com maior espessura no segmento inferoseptal medial (25 mm). Detectou-se presença de realce tardio mesocárdico nas inserções superior e inferior do VD na região do septo interventricular, além de realce tardio heterogêneo em segmentos antero-septal e ínfero-septal mediobasal. A massa de fibrose miocárdica foi estimada em 6,4g (2,2% da massa total do VE). Todos esses achados são típicos de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) com predomínio septal e envolvimento do VD. Este caso chamou a atenção por se tratar de paciente com apresentação clínica de angina, hipertensão e critérios de HVE pelo ECG não confirmada pelo ECO em que a RMC fez o diagnóstico de CMH. Portanto, a avaliação multimodal com diversas técnicas diagnósticas muitas vezes se faz necessária para a confirmação diagnóstica da CMH.

Clinical case of 31-year-old male patient, white, married, born in Nepal living in São Paulo for 4 years, refered to the emergency room (ER) for atypical angina and high blood pressure sic. He remained under observation for 48 hours, and during this period the physical examination showed normal cardiac auscultation and blood pressure (BP) 140X85 mm Hg. The electrocardiogram (ECG) had criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and ventricular repolarization abnormality. He also had a slight increase of myocardial necrosis markers. As his symptoms improved, he was sent to the cardiac ambulatory. When the patient returned to the ambulatory he had no cardiac complaints, his BP was normal. It was then requested 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography (ECHO), and coronary angiotomography. The ABPM presented normal blood pressure levels (awake and asleep respectively 112x65 and 106x51 mmHg), the ECHO did not show LVH, coronary angiotomography did not detect coronary obstructions and the calcium score was zero. A cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) of the heart was performed which showed increased myocardial thickness of the right ventricle (RV), asymmetric myocardial hypertrophy of septal interventricular that also affecting anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle (LV) with greater thickness in the medial inferoseptal segment (25 mm). It also presented signal of late mesocardial enhancement in the superior and inferior RV insertions of the interventricular septum and heterogeneous late enhancement in anteroseptal and inferoseptal mediobasal segments. The myocardial fibrosis mass was estimated in 6.4g (2.2% of the total LV mass). All these findings are typical of septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with involvement of the RV. This case drew attention because it was a patient with a clinical presentation of angina, hypertension, and criteria for LVH by the ECG not confirmed by ECHO, but the CMR characterized as HCM. Therefore, multimodal evaluation diagnostic techniques in patient with electrocardiographic criteria of LVH without correlation with ECHO imagens were essential to the diagnosis of HCM.

Análise do strain por ressonância magnética em cardiomiopatia siderótica antes e após terapia de quelação de ferro / Magnetic resonance strain analysis in siderotic cardiomyopathy before and after iron chelation therapy

INTRODUÇÃO: Hemocromatose juvenil é uma condição rara de sobrecarga de ferro que causa cardiomiopatia. O distúrbio do metabolismo do ferro que induz à insuficiência cardíaca ainda não é totalmente compreendido, mas a disfunção miocárdica parece ser intimamente relacionada à deposição de ferro nos miócitos. A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) é o método padrão para detecção de ferro nos tecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o strain global circunferencial pela ressonância magnética cardíaca (SGC-RM) em um grupo de pacientes com hemocromatose juvenil e cardiomiopatia secundária à deposição de ferro e sua relação com a concentração de ferro no miocárdio detectada por RMC com a técnica doT2*. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de três pacientes de uma família diagnosticada com hemocromatose juvenil (mutação HAMP na região 5'UTR), acompanhados por 5 anos, durante o tratamento com quelante de ferro. A RMC foi realizada com aparelho Siemens 1,5T. Foram avaliadas as sequências de cine-RM SSFP para avaliação da função ventricular esquerda e análise do strain pelo software CVI®; e T2* para avaliação de depósito de ferro. Foram obtidos a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (FEVE) (anormal < 52%) e o strain global circunferencial (SGC-RM) (anormal < -20%)...(AU)

Diagnostic and prognostic value of right ventricular strain in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and relatively preserved functional capacity studied with echocardiography and magnetic resonance.

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction harbingers adverse prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although conventional two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is limited for RV systolic function quantitation, RV strain can be a useful tool. The diagnostic and prognostic impact of 2DE speckle-tracking RV longitudinal strain was evaluated, including other 2DE systolic indexes, in a group of PAH patients without severe impairment of functional capacity, chronic pulmonary thromboembolism or left ventricular dysfunction. Sixty-six group I PAH patients, 67 % NYHA functional class I or II (none in IV) were studied by 2DE to obtain: RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV myocardial performance index, tissue Doppler tricuspid annulus systolic velocity. Global, free wall (RVFreeWSt) and septal RV longitudinal systolic strain were obtained. RV ejection fraction by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR-RVEF) was also assessed. All patients were followed up to 3.9 years (mean 3.3 years). Combined endpoints were hospitalization for worsening PAH or cardiovascular death. Among all the 2DE indexes of RV systolic function, RVFreeWSt exhibited the best correlation with CMR-RVEF (r = 0.83; p < 0.005). Combined endpoints occurred in 15 (22.7 %) patients (6 hospitalizations and 9 deaths). Multivariate analysis identified RVFreeWSt ≤-14 % as the only 2DE independent variable associated with combined endpoints [HR 4.66 (1.25-17.37); p < 0.05]. We conclude that RVFreeWSt may be a suitable non-geometric 2DE surrogate of CMR-RVEF in PAH patients, constituting a powerful independent predictor of long-term outcome in this cohort with relatively preserved functional capacity.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Verified Myocardial Fibrosis in Chagas Disease: Clinical Correlates and Risk Stratification.

BACKGROUND:: Chagas disease (CD) is an important cause of heart failure and mortality, mainly in Latin America. This study evaluated the morphological and functional characteristics of the heart as well the extent of myocardial fibrosis (MF) in patients with CD by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The prognostic value of MF evaluated by myocardial-delayed enhancement (MDE) was compared with that via Rassi score. METHODS:: This study assessed 39 patients divided into 2 groups: 28 asymptomatic patients as indeterminate form group (IND); and symptomatic patients as Chagas Heart Disease (CHD) group. All patients underwent CMR using the techniques of cine-MRI and MDE, and the amount of MF was compared with the Rassi score. RESULTS:: Regarding the morphological and functional analysis, significant differences were observed between both groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the extent of MF and the Rassi score (r = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS:: CMR is an important technique for evaluating patients with CD, stressing morphological and functional differences in all clinical presentations. The strong correlation with the Rassi score and the extent of MF detected by CMR emphasizes its role in the prognostic stratification of patients with CD. FUNDAMENTO:: A doença de Chagas (DC) é importante causa de insuficiência cardíaca e mortalidade, principalmente na América Latina. Este estudo avaliou as características morfológicas e funcionais do coração, assim como a extensão da fibrose miocárdica (FM) em pacientes com DC através de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). O valor prognóstico da FM avaliada por realce tardio miocárdico (RTM) foi comparado àquele do escore de Rassi. MÉTODOS:: Avaliação de 39 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 'forma indeterminada' (IND), 28 pacientes assintomáticos; e grupo 'cardiopatia chagásica' (CC), pacientes sintomáticos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a RMC com as técnicas de cine-RM e RTM, sendo a quantidade de FM evidenciada ao exame comparada ao escore de Rassi. RESULTADOS:: As análises morfológica e funcional mostraram significativas diferenças entre os 2 grupos (p < 0,001). Houve ainda uma forte correlação entre a extensão da FM e o escore de Rassi (r = 0,76). CONCLUSÕES:: A RMC é uma importante técnica para avaliar pacientes com DC, ressaltando as diferenças morfológicas e funcionais em todas as apresentações clínicas. A forte correlação entre o escore de Rassi e a extensão da FM detectada por RMC enfatiza seu papel na estratificação prognóstica de pacientes com DC.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Verified Myocardial Fibrosis in Chagas Disease: Clinical Correlates and Risk Stratification / Fibrose Miocárdica Definida por Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca em Doença de Chagas: Correlações Clínicas e Estratificação de Risco

Abstract Background: Chagas disease (CD) is an important cause of heart failure and mortality, mainly in Latin America. This study evaluated the morphological and functional characteristics of the heart as well the extent of myocardial fibrosis (MF) in patients with CD by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The prognostic value of MF evaluated by myocardial-delayed enhancement (MDE) was compared with that via Rassi score. Methods: This study assessed 39 patients divided into 2 groups: 28 asymptomatic patients as indeterminate form group (IND); and symptomatic patients as Chagas Heart Disease (CHD) group. All patients underwent CMR using the techniques of cine-MRI and MDE, and the amount of MF was compared with the Rassi score. Results: Regarding the morphological and functional analysis, significant differences were observed between both groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the extent of MF and the Rassi score (r = 0.76). Conclusions: CMR is an important technique for evaluating patients with CD, stressing morphological and functional differences in all clinical presentations. The strong correlation with the Rassi score and the extent of MF detected by CMR emphasizes its role in the prognostic stratification of patients with CD.

Resumo Fundamento: A doença de Chagas (DC) é importante causa de insuficiência cardíaca e mortalidade, principalmente na América Latina. Este estudo avaliou as características morfológicas e funcionais do coração, assim como a extensão da fibrose miocárdica (FM) em pacientes com DC através de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). O valor prognóstico da FM avaliada por realce tardio miocárdico (RTM) foi comparado àquele do escore de Rassi. Métodos: Avaliação de 39 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 'forma indeterminada' (IND), 28 pacientes assintomáticos; e grupo 'cardiopatia chagásica' (CC), pacientes sintomáticos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a RMC com as técnicas de cine-RM e RTM, sendo a quantidade de FM evidenciada ao exame comparada ao escore de Rassi. Resultados: As análises morfológica e funcional mostraram significativas diferenças entre os 2 grupos (p < 0,001). Houve ainda uma forte correlação entre a extensão da FM e o escore de Rassi (r = 0,76). Conclusões: A RMC é uma importante técnica para avaliar pacientes com DC, ressaltando as diferenças morfológicas e funcionais em todas as apresentações clínicas. A forte correlação entre o escore de Rassi e a extensão da FM detectada por RMC enfatiza seu papel na estratificação prognóstica de pacientes com DC.

Estudo SAVEME (Salvamento Miocárdico Após Angioplastia de Resgate: Avaliação por Ressonância Magnética). Racional e desenho do estudo / SAVEME (Myocardial Salvage After Rescue Angioplasty: Evaluation by Magnetic Resonance) Study: Rationale and Study Design

Introdução: A doença aterosclerótica é responsável por um terço dos óbitos ocorridos anualmente, pois frequentemente leva a complicações como infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IMCST). A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) de resgate é indicada caso ocorra falha da terapia trombolítica administrada neste cenário. No entanto, os benefícios, em termos de redução da taxa de mortalidade e da quantidade de miocárdio efetivamente salvo, não são bem estabelecidos. O desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas, entre elas a ressonância magnética cardíaca, para identificar a área miocárdica em risco e infartada, elevou a acurácia diagnóstica. Diferentemente do contexto da ICP primária, pouco se sabe sobre a relação entre o fluxo coronário epicárdico e microvascular após a ICP de resgate e a área de miocárdio salva. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se existe relação entre tais fluxos e a área de miocárdio salva identificada pela ressonância magnética. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, aberto, unicêntrico, de intervenção. Serão selecionados 72 pacientes com IMCST que tiverem realizado ICP de resgate após falha documentada da terapia fibrinolítica transferidos para este serviço, obedecendo uma estratégia fármaco-invasiva. Conclusões: Ao término desta pesquisa, esperamos contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o fluxo coronariano e sua relação com a quantidade de músculo cardíaco salvo após a ICP de resgate. Esta é uma informação que pode ajudar a entender quais casos mais se beneficiam da ICP de resgate

Introduction: Atherosclerotic disease accounts for one-third of deaths annually, as it often leads to complications such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is indicated in case of thrombolytic therapy failure administered in this scenario. However, the benefits regarding mortality rate reduction and the amount of myocardium that is actually salvaged are not well established. The development of new tools, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, to identify the myocardium at risk and the infarcted area has increased diagnostic accuracy. Differently from the context of primary PCI, little is known about the association between epicardial and microvascular coronary flow following rescue PCI and the salvaged myocardial area. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between coronary flow and the salvaged myocardial area identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: This will be a prospective, open, single-center, intervention study. A total of 72 patients with STEMI who underwent rescue PCI after documented failure of the fibrinolytic therapy, and were transferred to our institution, will be selected, observing a pharmacoinvasive strategy

Tumores cardíacos - Papel da tomografia computadorizada e da ressonância magnética / Cardiac tumors - The role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance

As melhorias na aquisição e no processamento de imagens na última década permitiram uma crescente evolução do papel da ressonância cardíaca e da tomografia computadorizada na avaliação das doenças do coração. Uma série de patologias cardíacas puderam ser melhor avaliadas, dentre elas as neoplasias cardíacas. Os tumores cardíacos são encontrados em 0,002%-0,3% das autópsias e, embora sejam raros, apresentam morbidade e mortalidade elevadas, especialmente quando malignos. A grande maioria dos tumores cardíacos são secundários, metastáticos, com acometimento preferencial das câmaras direita e comprometimento do pericárdio. Dentre os tumores cardíacos primários, os mais comuns são os de origem benigna e, dentre estes, os mais frequentes são os mixomas, os lipomas e os fibroelastomas, necessariamente nesta ordem. A melhor resolução espacial e o maior campo de visão destes novos métodos também os colocam em vantagem em relação à limitações de janela acústica da ecocardiografia transtorácica. A caracterização tecidual realizada, sobretudo pela ressonância pode auxiliar na distinção entre o grau de malignidade de um tumor, ao mesmo tempo que permite a avaliação da função ventricular e do comprometimento hemodinâmico. O diagnóstico diferencial com cistos, trombos ou achados da anatomia normal pode ser realizado permitindo, em alguns casos, prescindir de biópsia miocárdica. A ressonância magnética e a tomografia computadorizada tornaram-se ferramentas importantes na decisão terapêutica e no acompanhamento desses pacientes.

The improvements in the acquisitions and processing of images in the last decade has allowed a growing evolution of the role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomograpgy in the evaluation of heart disease. A number of cardiac pathologies could be better evaluated, cardiac neoplasms, cardiac tumors are found in 0,002% to 0,3% of the autopsies, and although rare, have high morbidity and mortality especially when malignant. The vasty majority of cardiac tumors are secondary, metastatic, with preferential involvement of the right chambers and pericardial dissemination. Among primary cardiac tumors, the most common are benign, in order of frequency: myxomas, limpomas and fibroelastomas. The best spatial resolution and wider filder of view of these new methods also put them at an advantage over the limitations of the transthoracic echocardiographic acoustic window. Tissue characteriztion performed mainly by cardiac magnetic resonance may help distinguish between the degree of malignancy of a tumor while allowing the evaluation of ventricular function and hemodynamic compromise. The differential diagnosis of cysts, thrombi or findings of normal anatomy can be accomplished in some cases without myocardial biopsy. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are becoming important tools in deciding the treatment and monitoring of these patients.

Escore de cálcio na avaliação da aterosclerose em pacientes com HIV/AIDS / Calcium score in the evaluation of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV/Aids

FUNDAMENTO: A terapia antirretroviral aumentou drasticamente a expectativa de vida em pacientes com HIV/AIDS, embora a aterosclerose esteja associada a uma terapia de longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de aterosclerose em pacientes com AIDS submetidos à terapia antirretroviral e a influência de tratamentos de diferentes regimes e durações. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com HIV/AIDS foram abordados durante consultas de rotina. Aqueles que estiveram em terapia antirretroviral por, pelo menos, dois anos tiveram o sangue coletado para análise do perfil lipídico e da glicemia em jejum e foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada cardíaca para quantificação do escore de cálcio dentro de seis dias, no máximo. A aterosclerose foi definida como escore de cálcio maior que zero (CAC > 0). Fatores de risco tradicionais, síndrome metabólica e o escore de Framingham foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e três pacientes realizaram tomografia computadorizada cardíaca: 50,94 por cento eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 43,4 anos; 20 por cento tinham hipertensão; 3,77 por cento tinham diabetes; 67,92 por cento tinham hipercolesterolemia; 37,74 por cento tinham hipertrigliceridemia; 47,17 por cento tinham HDL baixo; 24,53 por cento atenderam aos critérios para síndrome metabólica; 96,23 por cento foram classificados no escore de Framingham como "baixo risco"; e 18,87 por cento eram tabagistas. A duração média do tratamento antirretroviral foi de 58,98 meses. A aterosclerose coronária ocorreu em 11 pacientes (20,75 por cento). A duração da terapia antirretroviral não se relacionou à aterosclerose (p = 0,41), e não houve diferenças significativas entre os diferentes esquemas antirretrovirais (p = 0,71). Entre os fatores de risco tradicionais, o tabagismo (OR = 27,20; p = 0,023) e a idade (OR = 20,59; p = 0,033) foram significativos na presença de aterosclerose. Havia tendência para uma associação positiva da aterosclerose com a hipercolesterolemia (OR = 8,30; p = 0,0668). CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores associados à aterosclerose foram idade, tabagismo e hipercolesterolemia. A duração e o tipo de terapia antirretroviral não influenciaram a prevalência da aterosclerose.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically increased life expectancy in patients with HIV/AIDS although atherosclerosis has been associated with long-standing therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with AIDS undergoing antiretroviral therapy and the influence of different schemes and duration of treatment. METHODS: HIV/AIDS patients were approached during routine consultations. Those who had been on antiretroviral therapy for at least two years had their blood collected for analysis of lipid profile and fasting glycemia and underwent cardiac CT for quantification of calcium score within six days at the most. Atherosclerosis was defined as calcium score greater than zero (CAC > 0). Traditional risk factors, metabolic syndrome and Framingham score were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients performed cardiac CT. Twenty-seven (50.94 percent) were male, mean age 43.4 years; 20.00 percent had hypertension, 3.77 percent diabetes, 67.92 percent hypercholesterolemia, 37.74 percent hypertriglyceridemia and 47.17 percent low HDL. Thirteen (24.53 percent) met criteria for metabolic syndrome and 96.23 percent were classified in Framingham score as "low risk." Ten patients (18.87 percent) were smokers. Mean duration of antiretroviral treatment was 58.98 months. Coronary atherosclerosis occurred in 11 (20.75 percent) patients. Duration of antiretroviral therapy was not related to atherosclerosis (p = 0.41) and there were no significant differences between different antiretroviral regimens (p = 0.71). Among traditional risk factors, smoking (OR = 27.20; p = 0.023) and age (OR = 20.59; p = 0.033) were significant in the presence of atherosclerosis. There was a trend towards a positive association of atherosclerosis with hypercholesterolemia (OR = 8.30; p = 0.0668). CONCLUSION: Factors associated with atherosclerosis were age, smoking and hypercholesterolemia. Duration and type of antiretroviral therapy had no influence on the prevalence of atherosclerosis.

Calcium score in the evaluation of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically increased life expectancy in patients with HIV/AIDS although atherosclerosis has been associated with long-standing therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with AIDS undergoing antiretroviral therapy and the influence of different schemes and duration of treatment. METHODS: HIV/AIDS patients were approached during routine consultations. Those who had been on antiretroviral therapy for at least two years had their blood collected for analysis of lipid profile and fasting glycemia and underwent cardiac CT for quantification of calcium score within six days at the most. Atherosclerosis was defined as calcium score greater than zero (CAC > 0). Traditional risk factors, metabolic syndrome and Framingham score were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients performed cardiac CT. Twenty-seven (50.94%) were male, mean age 43.4 years; 20.00% had hypertension, 3.77% diabetes, 67.92% hypercholesterolemia, 37.74% hypertriglyceridemia and 47.17% low HDL. Thirteen (24.53%) met criteria for metabolic syndrome and 96.23% were classified in Framingham score as "low risk." Ten patients (18.87%) were smokers. Mean duration of antiretroviral treatment was 58.98 months. Coronary atherosclerosis occurred in 11 (20.75%) patients. Duration of antiretroviral therapy was not related to atherosclerosis (p = 0.41) and there were no significant differences between different antiretroviral regimens (p = 0.71). Among traditional risk factors, smoking (OR = 27.20; p = 0.023) and age (OR = 20.59; p = 0.033) were significant in the presence of atherosclerosis. There was a trend towards a positive association of atherosclerosis with hypercholesterolemia (OR = 8.30; p = 0.0668). CONCLUSION: Factors associated with atherosclerosis were age, smoking and hypercholesterolemia. Duration and type of antiretroviral therapy had no influence on the prevalence of atherosclerosis.

Cardiac magnetic resonance in Chagas' disease.

American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease [CD]) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic in Latin America, where it is one of the leading causes of death. The involvement of the heart is crucial in the patients' prognosis. Besides lymphocytic myocarditis, cardiomyopathy is associated with several degrees of myocardial fibrosis (MF). Myocardial delayed enhancement by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been considered the most accurate method to detect MF in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy, including Chagas' heart disease. Additionally, CMR offers a wide variety of imaging tools to evaluate in detail morphology, the function and other tissue characterization abilities, such as detection of edema and fat. The present article aims to discuss the current clinical applicability of CMR to evaluate CD. We also discuss its future as a screening tool for very early myocardial involvement, which would allow the investigation of new therapeutic methods with potential influence in the natural history of CD.